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3.1.1.5 Access to Inputs, Markets and Services

Rural development is hindered by the insufficient utilization of inputs. Only specific groups of farms employ modern, yield increasing technologies.

By means of measures affecting the price and interest policies, the governments should encourage the small farms to increase the utilization of purchased inputs. To that end, local institutions have to be established in order to make them available, all of the farms must have equal access, and it should be possible for local groups to participate. It is of crucial importance that the capital goods be available at the appropriate time and as input package.

Regarding the organization of extension services, various forms should be experimented with, and particular attention should be paid to reaching small farms and cooperatives. In order to equip subsistence farms with inputs, preferential prices should eventually be conceded and the access to social services ensured.

Local markets and cooperative institutions should be promoted to improve the conditions on the credit and commodity markets. Especially small farms will benefit from the promotion of informal markets and cooperatives. When making credit available, the requirements of small farms for building houses, consumption, production, and refunding debts should be taken into consideration. Eventually, subsidies will be required to compensate for the high costs of granting loans to small farms; the same applies to risk funds. Owing to the low risk capacity, insurance against crop failures, price support, and other measures against price fluctuations are of special importance to small farmers. All marketing institutions need a well developed infrastructure for which public and local funds have to be made available. The price policy should ensure that in the choice between products for the domestic supply and for exportation, attention is paid to the interests of the domestic food supply.

Rural development demands more research on problems of the rural sector and funds must be supplied for that purpose. The goal of eliminating poverty should be given due consideration in fixing the research priorities, and appropriate technology for small farms and cooperatives should be conceived. The problems of agriculture in arid regions and shifting cultivation are also urgent. Technological and economic research should be coordinated with social science studies in order to understand the socioeconomic implications of technological change in particular. Especially studies and innovations which minimize ecological disturbances are worth promoting, as well as studies on cheap building technology for building houses for the poor in the rural areas.
Man and Land
An Introduction into the Problems of Agrarian Structure and Agrarian Reform
1 AGRARIAN STRUCTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM - THE BASIC ISSUES
1.1 AGRARIAN STRUCTURE
1.1.1 Systems of Land Tenure (Social Agrarian Structure)
1.1.1.1 Systems of Land Ownership
1.1.1.2 Systems of Labour Organization
1.1.2 Systems of Land Management
(Technical and Economic Agrarian Structure)
1.1.2.1 Conventional Factors of Production
1.1.2.2 Preconditions for Modem Agriculture
1.1.2.3 Institutional Support for Agriculture
1.2 AGRARIAN SYSTEMS
1.2.1 Tribal and Kinship Agriculture
1.2.1.1 Migratory Herding
1.2.1.2 Shifting Cultivation
1.2.2 Feudalistic Agriculture
1.2.2.1 Rental Feudalism
1.2.2.2 Latifundia (Hacienda)
1.2.3 Family Farming
1.2.4 Capitalistic Farming
1.2.5 Collectivistic Agriculture
1.2.5.1 Socialistic Agriculture
1.2.5.2 Communistic Agriculture
1.3 AGRARIAN REFORM
1.3.1 Objectives of Agrarian Reforms
1.3.2 Agrarian Reform Measures
1.3.2.1 Measures to Reform Land Ownership
1.3.2.2 Measures to Reform Land Management
1.3.3 Executing a Land Reform
1.3.4 Effects of Agrarian Reforms
1.3.4.1 Promoting Equality in the Rural Population
1.3.4.2 Increasing Income and the Living Standard
1.3.4.3 Employment Effects
1.3.4.4 Consequences for Production
1.3.4.5 Changes in Capital Formation and Investment
1.3.5 Agrarian Reforms and Development
2 MAN AND LAND IN SOUTH ASIA - A CASE STUDY
2.1 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAND TENURE
2.1.1 Land Tenure in Ancient India
2.1.2 Changes in Land Tenure under British Rule
2.2 THE AGRARIAN REFORMS SINCE INDEPENDENCE
2.2.1 Agrarian Reform Measures
2.2.1.1 Abolition of the "Intermediaries"
2.2.1.2 Tenancy Reforms
2.2.1.3 Ceilings for Landed Property
2.2.2 Consequences of the Agrarian Reforms
2.3 THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND LAND TENURE
2.3.1 The Process of the Green Revolution
2.3.2 A Group specific Analysis
2.3.2.1 Small Landlords
2.3.2.2 Family Farms
2.3.2.3 Marginal Farms
2.3.2.4 Tenants
2.3.2.5 Landless labourers
2.3.3 Summary of the Implications
2.4 PRESENT LAND TENURE PROBLEMS
3 AGRARIAN REFORM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
3.1 PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
3.1.1 The Views of the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development
3.1.1.1 Basic Elements of a Programme of Action
3.1.1.2 Access to Land, Water, and Other Resources
3.1.1.3 Participation of the Population
3.1.1.4 Integrating Women in Rural Development
3.1.1.5 Access to Inputs, Markets, and Services
3.1.1.6 Development of Non - agricultural Activities
3.1.1.7 Education, Training, and Extension
3.1.1.8 International Trade
3.1.1.9 Other Measures
3.2 PROBLEMS OF THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES - AN OUTLOOK
4 LITERATURE