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2.3.3 Summary of the Implications

If an attempt is made to summarize the effects of the Green Revolution on the land tenure system, the following developments become evident:

  • The Green Revolution clearly favoured the economic situation of the larger landowners and of the family farms, whereas marginal farms, small tenants, and agricultural labourers had little share or experienced a decline in their standars of living. Thus, the polarization between those who have sufficient land and the poor has been further intensified.
  • Only irrigated regions benefitted from the Green Revolution to a degree worth mentioning. It is true that, by constructing tube wells, it was possible to extend the irrigated area. But the gap between these regions, which have always been better of, and the arid regions has widened.
  • In the irrigated regions, the young, better educated, wealthy, and active farmers benefitted primarily from the technological changes, whereas the rest participated to a lesser extent. Whereas, formerly, agriculture was quite uniform and marked by tradition, there now exists a great disparity within it. Efficient and less successful farmers achieve very different economic results.
  • The new class of progressive farmers replaced the former feudal landlords as the central power in the country. Their economic power gave them great influence in political matters as well. Their close relationships with the administration and the military helped them. They occupy the majority of seats in parliament and thus make sure that the agrarian policy which is advantageous for them is further pursued.
  • The attitude of the new leading class towards land and agriculture is completely different from that of the former feudal landlords. For them, land is a farm input and agriculture a lucrative business. This commercial attitude corresponds to the labour relationships based on contract instead of tradition and concern.
  • Thus, the common interest in agriculture as formerly shared between the classes even if it was one sided was abolished. The classes now compete with each other. Polarization has become more pronounced and, in many areas, this already found vent in unrest. The relationships are much more unstable than formerly.
Man and Land
An Introduction into the Problems of Agrarian Structure and Agrarian Reform
1 AGRARIAN STRUCTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM - THE BASIC ISSUES
1.1 AGRARIAN STRUCTURE
1.1.1 Systems of Land Tenure (Social Agrarian Structure)
1.1.1.1 Systems of Land Ownership
1.1.1.2 Systems of Labour Organization
1.1.2 Systems of Land Management
(Technical and Economic Agrarian Structure)
1.1.2.1 Conventional Factors of Production
1.1.2.2 Preconditions for Modem Agriculture
1.1.2.3 Institutional Support for Agriculture
1.2 AGRARIAN SYSTEMS
1.2.1 Tribal and Kinship Agriculture
1.2.1.1 Migratory Herding
1.2.1.2 Shifting Cultivation
1.2.2 Feudalistic Agriculture
1.2.2.1 Rental Feudalism
1.2.2.2 Latifundia (Hacienda)
1.2.3 Family Farming
1.2.4 Capitalistic Farming
1.2.5 Collectivistic Agriculture
1.2.5.1 Socialistic Agriculture
1.2.5.2 Communistic Agriculture
1.3 AGRARIAN REFORM
1.3.1 Objectives of Agrarian Reforms
1.3.2 Agrarian Reform Measures
1.3.2.1 Measures to Reform Land Ownership
1.3.2.2 Measures to Reform Land Management
1.3.3 Executing a Land Reform
1.3.4 Effects of Agrarian Reforms
1.3.4.1 Promoting Equality in the Rural Population
1.3.4.2 Increasing Income and the Living Standard
1.3.4.3 Employment Effects
1.3.4.4 Consequences for Production
1.3.4.5 Changes in Capital Formation and Investment
1.3.5 Agrarian Reforms and Development
2 MAN AND LAND IN SOUTH ASIA - A CASE STUDY
2.1 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAND TENURE
2.1.1 Land Tenure in Ancient India
2.1.2 Changes in Land Tenure under British Rule
2.2 THE AGRARIAN REFORMS SINCE INDEPENDENCE
2.2.1 Agrarian Reform Measures
2.2.1.1 Abolition of the "Intermediaries"
2.2.1.2 Tenancy Reforms
2.2.1.3 Ceilings for Landed Property
2.2.2 Consequences of the Agrarian Reforms
2.3 THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND LAND TENURE
2.3.1 The Process of the Green Revolution
2.3.2 A Group specific Analysis
2.3.2.1 Small Landlords
2.3.2.2 Family Farms
2.3.2.3 Marginal Farms
2.3.2.4 Tenants
2.3.2.5 Landless labourers
2.3.3 Summary of the Implications
2.4 PRESENT LAND TENURE PROBLEMS
3 AGRARIAN REFORM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
3.1 PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
3.1.1 The Views of the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development
3.1.1.1 Basic Elements of a Programme of Action
3.1.1.2 Access to Land, Water, and Other Resources
3.1.1.3 Participation of the Population
3.1.1.4 Integrating Women in Rural Development
3.1.1.5 Access to Inputs, Markets, and Services
3.1.1.6 Development of Non - agricultural Activities
3.1.1.7 Education, Training, and Extension
3.1.1.8 International Trade
3.1.1.9 Other Measures
3.2 PROBLEMS OF THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES - AN OUTLOOK
4 LITERATURE